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This paper is organized as follows: In section two, I motivate a configurational analysis of manner and result meaning based on the complementary distribution of manner and result meaning in simple predicates. Based on the categorization restriction on roots, I show that resultative secondary predication and means constructions represent two available strategies to express resultative meaning in a monoclausal environment. In section three, I compare the syntactic and semantic properties of resultative constructions in two serializing languages: Mandarin and Samoan. The results indicate that resultatives exhibit the same split in both serializing and non-serializing languages. In section four, I sketch out a refined typology of manner and result specification, which leads to a novel understanding of cross-linguistic variation in the verbal domain. Section five concludes.
One strategy to circumvent the categorization restriction is to express the result state with a pre-categorized element, i.e. resultative secondary predication (see Beavers 2012 for an overview). In this construction, a manner verb functions as the main predicate denoting the manner of an action that causes a result state denoted by the secondary predicate. In non-serializing languages like English, resultative secondary predicates are necessarily non-verbal; they are adjectival (16a) or prepositional (16b) (Larson 1991; Embick 2004).
Most studies addressing the internal structure of resultative constructions focus primarily on non-serializing languages, such as English or Spanish, in which the secondary predicate is readily distinguishable from the main predicate by its non-verbal nature. However, in many serializing languages resultative meaning is expressed by RSVCs, in which both the manner and result predicates are realized by verbs (Aikhenvald 2018; cf. von Prince 2017; Verkerk & Frostad 2013).11
In the Polynesian language Samoan, resultative meaning is expressed by the serialization of an initial manner verb and a non-initial result verb (Mosel & Hovdhaugen 1992; Mosel 2004; Hopperdietzel 2020, 2021c). Crucially, the result predicate is marked by the causative prefix faʻa-.
The investigation of compositional properties of RSVCs indicates that resultative constructions in both serializing and non-serializing languages do not differ fundamentally in their underlying syntactic and semantic structure. Languages instead vary in their specific strategies for expressing resultative semantics, i.e. in the way in which they express manner and result meaning components in configurations relative to a (causing) event-introducing v head. In this section, I briefly review the cross-linguistic variation of manner modification and result complementation that has been observed, sketching out a preliminary typology of resultative constructions by integrating them into the configurational account of the verbal domain developed in section 2.
Further, this study has demonstrated that verbal predicates can also realize the result component in serializing languages. Verbal secondary predicates thus differ from stative adjectival secondary predicates in being able to introduce anticausative semantics, as shown for Mandarin RVCs (83a). In non-serializing languages, only prepositional secondary predicates may express similar change-of-state/path semantics within the result component itself (83b/c) (cf. Son & Svenonius 2008).
Lap joints obtained by overlapping two plates are widely diffused in aerospace industry. Nevertheless, because of natural aging, adhesively bonded and riveted aircraft lap joints may be affected by cracks from rivets, voids or corrosion. Friction stir welding has been proposed as a valid alternative, although large heat affected zones are produced both in the top and the bottom plate due to the pin diameter. Interest has therefore been shown in studying laser lap welding as the laser beam has been proved to be competitive since it allows to concentrate the thermal input and increases productivity and quality. Some challenges arise as a consequence of aluminum low absorptance and high thermal conductivity; furthermore, issues are due to metallurgical challenges such as both micro and macro porosity formation and softening in the fused zone. Welding of AA 2024 thin sheets in a lap joint configuration is discussed in this paper: tests are carried out using a recently developed Trumpf TruDisk 2002 Yb:YAG disk-laser with high beam quality which allows to produce beads with low plates distortion and better penetration. The influence of the processing parameters is discussed considering the fused zone extent and the bead shape. The porosity content as well as the morphological features of the beads have been examined.
In the current work, T-joints consisting of 2.0 mm thick 2060-T8/2099-T83 aluminum-lithium alloys for aircraft fuselage panels have been fabricated by double-sided fiber laser beam welding with different filler wires. A new type wire CW3 (Al-6.2Cu-5.4Si) was studied and compared with conventional wire AA4047 (Al-12Si) mainly on microstructure and mechanical properties. It was found that the main combined function of Al-6.2%Cu-5.4%Si in CW3 resulted in considerable improvements especially on intergranular strength, hot cracking susceptibility and hoop tensile properties. Typical non-dendritic equiaxed zone (EQZ) was observed along welds' fusion boundary. Hot cracks and fractures during the load were always located within the EQZ, however, this typical zone could be restrained by CW3, effectively. Furthermore, changing of the main intergranular precipitated phase within the EQZ from T phase by AA4047 to T2 phase by CW3 also resulted in developments on microscopic intergranular reinforcement and macroscopic hoop tensile properties. In addition, bridging caused by richer substructure dendrites within CW3 weld's columnar zone resulted in much lower hot cracking susceptibility of the whole weld than AA4047.
This report describes a methodology for efficient calibration of an internal state variable (ISV) material model that includes uncertainty. The model was developed to represent uncertainty in the material performance due to variations and inaccuracies in the model parameters. The model parameters comprise of constants collected from the literature (melting temperature, bulk modulus, shear modulus, etc.), constants derived from microscope images of microstructural features (voids, cracks, inclusion particles) in the material sample, and constants calibrated from experimental stress-strain data. The uncertainty in the model arises from inaccuracies in literature data, from variations in the measurements of the microstructures, and from inaccuracies in the stress-strain calibration data. The model calibration process is very computationally-intensive since variability distributions need to be calculated for the parameters in the model. The process involves Monte Carlo simulation with a large number of samples (). For each sample, a function minimization problem is solved using a derivative-free method, requiring up to twenty seconds of solution time. As an estimate of the magnitude of the calculations, a ten-second solution time for each sample translates into more than eleven days of total process runtime on a serial machine. Thus, the process must be executed on a high performance parallel environment in order to obtain results within a reasonable period. The codes used in the process include Fortran routines for a material point simulator and an ABAQUS UMAT, MATLAB scripts for optimization and MatlabMPI for parallel execution on a Linux cluster. The computational methodology we describe enables the model calibration with uncertainty to complete over a weekend on 16 processors.
where = ,= , through are the material plasticity parameters related to kinematic hardening and recovery terms, through are the material plasticity parameters related to isotropic hardening and recovery terms, whereas Ca and Cb are the material plasticity parameters related to dynamic recovery and anisotropic hardening terms, respectively. Constants through are determined from macroscale experiments at different temperatures and strain rates. The damage variable, represents the damage fraction of material within a continuum element. The mechanical properties of a material depend upon the amount and type of microdefects within its structure. Deformation changes these microdefects, and when the number of microdefects accumulates, damage is said to have grown. The three components of damage progression mechanism are void nucleation, growth and coalescence from second phase particles and pores. In this regard, the material time derivative of damage, is expressed as 2ff7e9595c
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